Colorado Patient Billing Rights

Know your rights as a patient in Colorado. With some of the nation's strongest surprise billing protections since 2020 and a groundbreaking hospital transparency law, Colorado leads in patient billing protections.

Hospital Data Surprise Billing Financial Assistance Medical Debt FAQ File a Complaint

Colorado Hospital Pricing at a Glance

Based on CMS cost report data from 102 hospitals in Colorado.

102
Hospitals Tracked
3.3×
Avg Charge-to-Cost Ratio
6 yrs
Debt Statute of Limitations

Colorado hospitals charge an average of 3.3× their actual costs — lower than the national average, partly due to the state's strong transparency requirements. Compare prices at specific hospitals →

Federal No Surprises Act (2022) — Applies in Colorado

The federal No Surprises Act protects all Colorado patients, in addition to Colorado's own strong protections:

  • No surprise bills for emergency services at any hospital, in-network or out-of-network.
  • No balance billing from out-of-network providers at in-network facilities.
  • No surprise bills for air ambulance services from out-of-network providers.
  • Good faith estimates for uninsured/self-pay patients — dispute if the bill exceeds the estimate by $400+.
  • Applies to self-funded employer plans not covered by Colorado state law.

Surprise Billing Protections

HB 20-1285 — Colorado Out-of-Network Billing Protection (2020) is one of the strongest surprise billing laws in the country.

  • Patients cannot be balance billed for emergency services, regardless of network status.
  • Out-of-network providers at in-network facilities must hold patients harmless — you only pay in-network cost-sharing.
  • Covers ground ambulance services in addition to air ambulance (broader than federal law).
  • Established an arbitration process for provider-insurer payment disputes, keeping patients out of the middle.
  • Colorado's Hospital Transparency Act (HB 19-1001) requires hospitals to publicly post their prices including cash, insurance, and Medicare rates.

What this means for you

If you receive a surprise out-of-network bill in Colorado, you are not responsible for the balance beyond your in-network cost-sharing. Colorado's law is broader than most states — it covers ground ambulances too. Reference HB 20-1285 to dispute any balance bill.

Financial Assistance & Charity Care

Colorado's Hospital Discounted Care program and federal 501(r) rules require hospitals to help patients who can't afford their bills.

  • Hospitals must provide discounted or free care to uninsured patients with incomes below 250% of the Federal Poverty Level.
  • Many Colorado hospitals extend discounts to patients with incomes up to 300-400% FPL.
  • Non-profit hospitals must maintain written financial assistance policies and make them publicly available.
  • Colorado expanded Medicaid under the ACA, covering adults with incomes up to 138% FPL.
  • The Colorado Option (HB 21-1232) created a standardized health plan to reduce premiums by 15%.

How to apply

  1. Ask the hospital's billing department for a financial assistance application.
  2. Gather proof of income (pay stubs, tax return, benefit letters).
  3. Submit the application — you can often do this even after receiving a bill.
  4. If denied, appeal and contact the Colorado Division of Insurance.

Income threshold: 250% FPL (~$78,000 for a family of four) for discounted care

Medical Debt Rights in Colorado

Colorado has a 6-year statute of limitations on medical debt (C.R.S. § 13-80-103.5). The clock starts from the date of the last payment or acknowledgment.

6 years
Statute of Limitations

After 6 years, creditors cannot sue you to collect medical debt in Colorado. Making a partial payment can restart the clock.

Your Protections

  • Medical debt under $500 is excluded from credit reports (federal rule, 2023).
  • Paid medical collections are immediately removed from credit reports.
  • Colorado limits wage garnishment to 20% of disposable earnings.
  • Hospitals must screen patients for Medicaid and financial assistance eligibility.
  • Colorado prohibits debt collectors from using deceptive or abusive practices (CFDCPA).

Additional Patient Rights in Colorado

Beyond surprise billing and financial assistance, Colorado provides these important protections.

Hospital Transparency Act

Colorado's HB 19-1001 requires all hospitals to publish their prices publicly, including cash prices, negotiated rates, and Medicare/Medicaid rates. This goes beyond federal requirements.

Good Faith Estimates

Uninsured or self-pay patients can request a good faith estimate before receiving care. If the final bill exceeds the estimate by $400+, you can dispute it.

Itemized Bills

You have the right to an itemized bill showing each charge. Review carefully — billing errors are found in up to 80% of hospital bills. Use our bill review tool to check.

Colorado Option

The Colorado Option (HB 21-1232) created standardized health plans that must reduce premiums by 15%, making coverage more affordable for Coloradans.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the statute of limitations for medical debt in Colorado?

Colorado has a 6-year statute of limitations on medical debt under written contracts (C.R.S. § 13-80-103.5). After this period, creditors cannot sue to collect the debt.

What are Colorado's surprise billing protections?

Colorado HB 20-1285 (2020) prohibits balance billing for emergency services and out-of-network providers at in-network facilities. It also covers ground ambulances — broader than most state laws. Patients only pay their in-network cost-sharing amount.

Does Colorado require hospital price transparency?

Yes. Colorado's Hospital Transparency Act (HB 19-1001) requires hospitals to publish their prices publicly, including cash prices, insurance negotiated rates, and Medicare/Medicaid amounts. This goes beyond the federal Price Transparency Rule.

How do I file a complaint about a medical bill in Colorado?

Contact the Colorado Division of Insurance at 303-894-7490 or 1-800-930-3745 for insurance-related complaints. For billing fraud, contact the Colorado Attorney General's Consumer Protection Division at 1-800-222-4444.

Are Colorado hospitals required to offer financial assistance?

Non-profit hospitals must maintain financial assistance policies under federal 501(r) rules. Colorado's Hospital Discounted Care program requires discounted or free care for uninsured patients below 250% FPL. Many hospitals extend this to 300-400% FPL.

How to File a Complaint in Colorado

If a hospital or insurance company is violating your rights, you can file a formal complaint.

Colorado Division of Insurance

For insurance-related complaints: claim denials, balance billing, network issues.

📞 303-894-7490 | 1-800-930-3745

File a complaint →

Colorado Attorney General

For deceptive billing practices, fraud, or consumer protection violations.

📞 1-800-222-4444

File a complaint →

Hospitals in Colorado

Compare prices at 102 hospitals across Colorado. Click any hospital to see their procedure prices and negotiated rates.

Browse all 102 Colorado hospitals →

Colorado Resources

Colorado Division of Insurance Colorado AG Consumer Protection Colorado Health Care Policy & Financing (Medicaid)

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🔗 Helpful Resources

🔍 Free Bill Review Tool ⚔️ How to Fight a Hospital Bill 💬 Medical Bill Negotiation Guide ✉️ Appeal & Dispute Letters Why Is My Hospital Bill So High?